How the tower scales, stage by stage.
The same company buys a very different policy at each milestone.
| Stage | A Pre-Seed & Seed Founder-grade | B Series A Institutional | C Series B Scale | D Series C+ Pre-IPO |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D&O limit | $1–2M | $5–10M | $10–20M | $20M+ |
| Cyber limit | $1–2M | $2–5M | $5–10M | $10–25M |
| Tech E&O limit | $1–2M | $2–5M | $5–10M | $10–25M |
| Crime & Fidelity | Optional | Starter | Essential | Standard |
| Key endorsements | Founder D&O, starter Cyber | Institutional D&O tower, Cyber+E&O blend | Side-A DIC, intl. expansion | Side-A DIC, regulatory defence, pre-IPO |
| Trigger | SAFE notes & angel diligence | First institutional round | Intl. expansion, larger data | Pre-IPO / late stage |
Risk maturity by funding stage.
Risk and coverage shift as you scale headcount, ARR and jurisdictions. Here's the full comparison, plus an estimator to sketch your tower and the Tower Builder to stack it block by block.
A founder D&O policy and starter Cyber are enough for early SAFE notes and angel diligence. We keep limits lean so you're not burning runway.
Institutional capital triggers the first real D&O tower. Cyber + Tech E&O blend becomes mandatory at $2M–$5M.
International expansion and larger data volumes. Limits scale to $5M–$10M. Crime & Fidelity becomes essential.
Full tower with Side-A DIC, regulatory defense, and limits of $20M+. Underwriting reads like an audit.
How the tower scales, stage by stage.
The same company buys a very different policy at each milestone.
| Stage | A Pre-Seed & Seed Founder-grade | B Series A Institutional | C Series B Scale | D Series C+ Pre-IPO |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D&O limit | $1–2M | $5–10M | $10–20M | $20M+ |
| Cyber limit | $1–2M | $2–5M | $5–10M | $10–25M |
| Tech E&O limit | $1–2M | $2–5M | $5–10M | $10–25M |
| Crime & Fidelity | Optional | Starter | Essential | Standard |
| Key endorsements | Founder D&O, starter Cyber | Institutional D&O tower, Cyber+E&O blend | Side-A DIC, intl. expansion | Side-A DIC, regulatory defence, pre-IPO |
| Trigger | SAFE notes & angel diligence | First institutional round | Intl. expansion, larger data | Pre-IPO / late stage |
Sketch a coverage tower for your stage.
Pick your vertical, stage and ARR to see a coverage tower that mirrors the limits an underwriter will actually price.
Recommended tower
SaaS / B2B · Series AInstitutional capital triggers the first real D&O tower.
Illustrative only - based on general market patterns and not a quote or a recommendation for any specific business.
Ready to build your stack?
You've learned the basics and built a stack. When you're ready, a licensed Ontario broker will walk through it with you - stage, limits and the endorsements your buyers actually require.